How do foreach loops work in C#?

Which types of classes can use foreach loops?

Actually, strictly speaking, all you need to use foreach is a public GetEnumerator() method that returns something with a bool MoveNext() method and a ? Current {get;} property. However, the most common meaning of this is "something that implements IEnumerable/IEnumerable<T>, returning an IEnumerator/IEnumerator<T>.

By implication, this includes anything that implements ICollection/ICollection<T>, such as anything like Collection<T>, List<T>, arrays (T[]), etc. So any standard "collection of data" will generally support foreach.

For proof of the first point, the following works just fine:

using System;
class Foo {
    public int Current { get; private set; }
    private int step;
    public bool MoveNext() {
        if (step >= 5) return false;
        Current = step++;
        return true;
    }
}
class Bar {
    public Foo GetEnumerator() { return new Foo(); }
}
static class Program {
    static void Main() {
        Bar bar = new Bar();
        foreach (int item in bar) {
            Console.WriteLine(item);
        }
    }
}

How does it work?

A foreach loop like foreach(int i in obj) {...} kinda equates to:

var tmp = obj.GetEnumerator();
int i; // up to C# 4.0
while(tmp.MoveNext()) {
    int i; // C# 5.0
    i = tmp.Current;
    {...} // your code
}

However, there are variations. For example, if the enumerator (tmp) supports IDisposable, it is used too (similar to using).

Note the difference in the placement of the declaration "int i" inside (C# 5.0) vs. outside (up C# 4.0) the loop. It's important if you use i in an anonymous method/lambda inside your code-block. But that is another story ;-p

From http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ttw7t8t6(VS.80).aspx">MSDN</a>;:

> The foreach statement repeats a group > of embedded statements for each > element in an array or an object > collection. The foreach statement is > used to iterate through the collection > to get the desired information, but > should not be used to change the > contents of the collection to avoid > unpredictable side effects. (emphasis mine)

So, if you have an array, you could use the foreach statement to iterate through the array, like so:

 int[] fibarray = new int[] { 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 };
    foreach (int i in fibarray)
    {
        System.Console.WriteLine(i);
    }

You could also use it to iterate through a List<T> collection, like so:

List<string> list = new List<string>();

foreach (string item in list)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item);
}

According to the blog post Duck Notation, duck typing is used.

Here's the docs: Main article With Arrays With Collection Objects

It's important to note that "The type of the collection element must be convertible to the identifier type". This sometimes cannot be checked at compile time and can generate a runtime exception if the instance type is not assignable to the reference type.

This will generate a runtime exception if there is an non-Apple in the fruit basket, such as an orange.

List<Fruit> fruitBasket = new List<Fruit>() { new Apple(), new Orange() };
foreach(Apple a in fruitBasket)

This safely filters the list to only the Apples using Enumerable.OfType

foreach(Apple a in fruitBasket.OfType<Apple>() )

IList<ListItem> illi = new List<ListItem>();
ListItem li = null;

foreach (HroCategory value in listddlsubcategory)
{
	listddlsubcategoryext = server.getObjectListByColumn(typeof(HroCategory), "Parentid", value.Id);
	li = new ListItem();
	li.Text = value.Description;
	li.Value = value.Id.ToString();
	illi.Add(li);
	IList<ListItem> newilli = new List<ListItem>();
	newilli = SubCatagoryFunction(listddlsubcategoryext, "-->");
	foreach (ListItem c in newilli)
	{
		illi.Add(c);
	}
}

Useful info regarding this subject can be found on MSDN too. Taking the essence from that article:

The foreach keyword enumerates a collection, executing the embedded statement once for each element in the collection:

foreach (var item in collection)
{
    Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());
}

The compiler translates the foreach loop shown in the above example into something similar to this construct:

IEnumerator<int> enumerator = collection.GetEnumerator();
while (enumerator.MoveNext())
{
    var item = enumerator.Current;
    Console.WriteLine(item.ToString());
}

you can try this...

List<int> numbers = new List<int>();
        numbers.Add(5);
        numbers.Add(15);
        numbers.Add(25);
        numbers.Add(35);

        Console.WriteLine("You are added total number: {0}",numbers.Count);
        foreach (int number in numbers)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Your adding Number are: {0}", number);
        }